Monetary Policy Operations and Biodiversity Loss
Pierre Monnin | 24 March 2022
Monetary,
Policy Briefs | Tags:
Biodiversity Risk,
Central Banks,
Climate Change
Biodiversity is declining at unprecedented rates in human history, with growing evidence that this could have significant economic and financial implications. In this regard, biodiversity loss is very similar to climate change: both entail physical risks that could translate into substantial economic and financial losses,
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The Global Tax Deal and Tax Incentives: What if the Cure Is Worse Than the Disease?
Agustin Redonda | 18 March 2022
Fiscal,
Blog | Tags:
Minimum Tax Rate,
Tax Expenditures,
Tax Incentives
The global tax deal reached in October 2021 is a milestone in international tax coordination. With 137 out of 141 jurisdictions in the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) now participating in the agreement, there is no doubt about its significance.
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Cross-border Movement of People and Its Critical Role for Services Trade
Oliver Braunschweig and
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås | 28 February 2022
Trade,
Blog | Tags:
Mode 4,
Services Trade,
WTO
The importance of cross-border movement of people for services trade and the functioning of global value chains has been amply demonstrated during the COVID-19 crisis. While in normal times – and during the financial crisis in 2008 – services trade has been less volatile than
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Resilience in Services Value Chains
Sébastien Miroudot | 15 February 2022
Trade,
Blog | Tags:
Global Value Chains,
Resilience,
Services Trade
COVID-19 has triggered a new debate on the resilience of global value chains (GVCs) and risks associated with international production (Bonadio et al., 2020; Miroudot, 2020a). Most of this debate focuses on manufacturing and shortages of goods such as face masks or semi-conductors. This is
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A Guaranteed Win for the Climate: Sustainable Loan Guarantees and Sustainable Loan Guarantee Facilities
Andrew McConnell,
Boyan Yanovski and
Kai Lessmann | 8 February 2022
Monetary,
Blog | Tags:
Central Banks,
Climate Change,
Targeted Refinancing Lines
In order to limit global warming to the levels set in the Paris agreement, an immense amount of additional investment has to be directed into sustainable technologies – a difference of between $610 billion (IEA 2020) and $2 trillion (IRENA 2020) per year as compared
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The EU Digital Market Regulations: Rule-Maker or Deal-Breaker?
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås,
Magnus Lodefalk and
Joakim Wernberg | 3 February 2022
Trade,
Policy Briefs | Tags:
Digitalization,
Services Trade
The digital transformation of the economy and society gives rise to a need for updated regulations and rules of the game for the digitised market.
Within the EU, this need has been reflected in a number of legislative initiatives, most recently the Digital Markets Act (DMA),
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Greening Financial Governance: Lessons from China
Peter Knaack | 13 January 2022
Monetary,
Discussion Notes | Tags:
China,
Governing Finance,
Green Finance,
Macroprudential Policy
China’s turn towards green financial governance has causes and consequences that are instructive for policymakers elsewhere. This paper traces the evolution of rules and regulations designed to guide China’s financial system towards supporting green firms and projects since the 1990s. It outlines four domestic reasons
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Double Whammy? The Impact of Trade and Automation on High-Skilled Jobs
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås and
Franziska Klügl | 10 January 2022
Trade,
Blog | Tags:
Artificial Intelligence,
Employment,
Services
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities for language, speech and image recognition pass human levels, AI-enabled software can perform white collar tasks previously done exclusively by high-skilled humans. Furthermore, white collar jobs in rich countries could face a double whammy. Not only may AI-enabled automation transform
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From Budgetary to Tax Expenditures: Tackling Social Protection in Quebec, Canada
Ysabel Provencher,
André Gerges and
Luc Godbout | 7 January 2022
Fiscal,
Discussion Notes | Tags:
Social Protection,
Tax Expenditures
In his 2018 article "Reimagining Social Protection" Michal Rutkowski, the World Bank's Global Director for Social Protection and Jobs, highlighted the need for new social protection systems that retain their original purpose of fighting poverty, helping households manage uncertainty, and ultimately sparking a more efficient
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Trade and Consumer Prices: The Role of Competitive Transport, Communication, and Distribution Services
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås | 21 December 2021
Trade,
Blog | Tags:
Competition,
Inflation,
Services Trade,
Transport
The recent spike in consumer price inflation has amply demonstrated that transport, logistics and distribution play a major role in bringing goods from producers to consumers in a timely and cost-effective manner. Conversely, when choke points in the logistics supply chain arise, prices skyrocket (Figure
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