Publications

Monetary Policy Reloaded. Towards a New Growth Path in China

| 19 September 2025
Monetary, Blog | Tags: Central Banks, China, Economic Growth, Financial Inclusion
In recent months, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) unveiled a comprehensive series of monetary policy measures and guidance that combines general easing and targeted support mechanisms. ... continue reading

Tax Expenditures Country Report: United Kingdom

| 17 September 2025
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: GTED, GTETI, Tax Expenditures, United Kingdom
Tax expenditures in the United Kingdom result in a considerable release of fiscal resources by central government, little known and off-budget. The official estimated cost comes to 7.6 per cent of GDP in 2023-24, equivalent to a quarter of total tax revenue collected ... continue reading

From Risk to Resilience. Closing the Climate Insurance Protection Gap

| 8 September 2025
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: Climate Risks, Financial Stability, Inequality, Insurance
When insurers stop covering climate risks, these risks are transferred onto individuals, businesses, and taxpayers. Insufficient insurance coverage not only undermines the financial system’s ability to absorb shocks but also has wider economic, fiscal, and social repercussions. ... continue reading

A Macroprudential Approach to Compound Climate Risks

and | 5 September 2025
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: Climate Risks, Financial Stability, Macroprudential Policy, Systemic Risks
Macroprudential authorities can make an integral contribution to a more resilient financial system capable of withstanding the evolving challenges posed by climate change, economic shocks and their complex interplay. ... continue reading

Addressing Novel Risks, Strengthening Finance, and Building Resilience in ASEAN+3

and | 1 September 2025
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: ASEAN+3, Central Banks, Climate Risks, Financial Regulation, Financial Supervision
Welfare and economic growth in ASEAN+3 depend on the region’s ability to align economic priorities and the effective management of novel risks with the need to address structural challenges, associated transformations and the ability to harness future opportunities. ... continue reading

How to Move Forward with Green Hydrogen

and | 28 August 2025
Fiscal, Blog | Tags: Energy, Renewables, Tax Expenditures, Vietnam
Green hydrogen is hoped to be a key solution for decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors, notably steel, petrochemicals, and long-haul transport, all large consumers of fossil fuels in Vietnam. ... continue reading

Bringing Tax Expenditures Into the Debate on Financing for Development

| 23 July 2025
Fiscal, Blog | Tags: Development, Domestic Revenue Mobilization, Tax Expenditures
Tax expenditures have traditionally been considered an issue governments are supposed to deal with by themselves. This, however, is changing. The recent Conference on Financing for Development (FfD4) FfD4 explicitly refers to tax expenditures in its Outcome Document. ... continue reading

Tax Expenditures Country Report: Morocco

| 27 June 2025
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: GTED, GTETI, Morocco, Tax Expenditures
This country report identifies the main limitations and makes recommendations for improving the transparency and effectiveness of tax expenditure policies. ... continue reading

Central Banking and Asia’s Energy Future: The Role of Targeted Refinancing in ASEAN+3

| 12 June 2025
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: ASEAN+3, Central Banks, Energy, Targeted Refinancing Lines
The pursuit of sustainable prosperity in ASEAN+3 critically hinges on the availability of affordable, secure, and clean energy. ... continue reading

U.S. Energy Policy at a Crossroads

and | 28 May 2025
Fiscal, Blog | Tags: Energy, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Renewables, United States
U.S. energy policy is at a crossroads. While both the Biden and Trump Administrations have made energy affordability and security a key priority, their strategies differ drastically. ... continue reading

Economic Policies for Affordable, Secure and Clean Energy: Insights from the United States

and | 28 May 2025
Fiscal, Policy Briefs | Tags: Energy, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Renewables, United States
In the United States, a diverse range of policy initiatives, many of which can be implemented at the state and local levels, are available to continue the transition towards an affordable, secure, and clean energy system. ... continue reading

The Global Tax Expenditures Database Keeps Growing: Discover the New Features

| 6 May 2025
Fiscal, News | Tags: GTED, Tax Expenditures
The Council on Economic Policies (CEP) and the German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS) released the latest version of the Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED) with expanded coverage and enhanced functionality. The update incorporates two additional countries, Egypt and Zambia, bringing the total to ... continue reading

Shedding Light on the Use of Tax Expenditures for Social Spending

and | 5 May 2025
Fiscal, Blog | Tags: Inequality, Social Protecion, Tax Expenditures
When we think of government spending on social programmes, we generally picture direct cash transfers, public healthcare, education and subsidized housing. Yet a significant portion of social spending happens outside the traditional budget. ... continue reading

Hitting the Mark: Design Choices in Targeted Refinancing

| 17 April 2025
Monetary, Blog | Tags: Central Banks, Targeted Refinancing Lines
To target their objectives, central banks have a broad toolbox. Each of their instruments has impacts on a range of their goals and must be calibrated accordingly. The critical role of design choices in targeted refinancing operations is a case in point. ... continue reading

FfD4 Countdown: A Watered-Down Proposal on Tax Expenditures Risks Undermining Countries’ Domestic Revenue Mobilization

, , , and | 17 April 2025
Fiscal, Blog | Tags: Domestic Revenue Mobilization, Investment, Tax Expenditures
At the Fourth Conference on Financing for Development in June, countries must commit to greater oversight of tax expenditures, including implementing minimum reporting standards, and rationalizing ineffective or harmful tax expenditures. ... continue reading